While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes to win broad support. Many political parties had their own paramilitary units to attack opponents and intimidate voters. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. demonstrates how local conditions are often unsuited to the ideal type of civil society as delineated in Western values, for instance in cases where numerous political, . In late December 2019, for instance, Chinese authorities silenced and reprimanded Li Wenliang, a Wuhan Central Hospital doctor who warned of the initial outbreak. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of the nation-state, while Nazism is a specific form of fascism that is based on the belief in racial superiority. Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The emergence of authoritarian states is a fascinating way of exploring the History Rising Big Question on Perspectives. In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. Create a potted biography of an authoritarian state identified in the article. Fear of revolution. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. France and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia were among the member states on Monday to summon Chinas envoys to account for the comments made late last week by Lu Shaye, which sparked a wave of outrage across Europe. Do you see any of them flying around? - How was land reform implemented from 1950s onwards? Russia has lost its soft power: how war in Ukraine destabilises old Soviet allies, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. Read and make notes on: (red - conditions; weaknesses of others;black - methods, tactics used by Castro), 63-4 - 1940s Batista's Cuba + Autentico Presidencies. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. 'The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by. (May 2009), Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Stalin up to the outbreak of the Second World War. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. 2016. It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. 1.) Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. 4.5/5. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Communist Party: -Fear of Bolshevik revolution. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . Topic 10 Authoritarian states (20th century) 19. David Eacker is a Ph.D. student in History at Indiana UniversityBloomington. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. In someincluding Algeria, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Sudanprotests have driven leaders out of power. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. -unmarried men 35+ were taxed more The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. -Anti-semitism appeared a bit potentially to impress and imitate ally Hitler-- POPE DID NOT LIKE, Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI): In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. This resulted in the Great Purge of 1936-38. mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. What were his aims economically and socially? How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. . The Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s had their differences. Analyse themethods used to maintain power in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region. These problems range from refusals to recognize the severity of the problem to the suppression of valuable domestic voices or sources of information, disorganized policy responses, and unwillingness to maintain the lockdown measures that would safeguard their populations. German imperialism was long based on a theory of colonial growth, called. Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. NARRATOR: The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. How successful were they? Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. (May 2005), To what extent were the social and economic policies of one of the following successful: Mao, Nasser, Stalin? There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. The 20th century began much like our ownwith hope that education, science and technology could create a better, more peaceful world. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Although Chinese citizens mobilized to respond to the pandemic by using social media to procure scarce protective gear or find open hospital beds, the Chinese Communist Partys long-standing distrust of civil society has hindered potential collaboration between government officials and volunteers. Japan still had a problem of too few natural resources, and they needed minerals, timber, and oil from abroad. Real estate prices soared to $12 a metre to $200 in 1941-57. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. Lack of leadership. David Wong was a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow with the Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. Emergence of authoritarian states. 87-88 - What internal threats existed to Castro and how were they dealt with? "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. In some ways, their actions were like experiments, pushing the boundaries of authoritarian rule to see what they could get away with. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) Today's China is not yesterday's Soviet Union. 3. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded We demand vengeance!. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. And despite their differences, the fact that they all happened in a similar time period suggests that there was some global pattern making them all possible. Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. A new and unfamiliar democratic form of governmentthe Weimar Republicreplaced the authoritarian empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. In a tightly controlled referendum on Sunday, Uzbeks voted on changes that would extend presidential terms from five to seven years and allow Mirziyoyev to serve two more terms. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. Some have, in fact, exhibited valuable decisiveness and clarity when confronted with the coronavirus. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. When they seized power, Fascists had hoped to take over the Italian state completely. The ISW said while this tactic may be useful for maintaining authoritarian rule in the Kremlin, it is "disruptive" to efforts to command the military and results in "the return of formerly demoted . 4.1 The emergence of the authoritarian state in Germany, 1919-1934 164 4.2 Hitler's consolidation of power, 1934-1935 183 4.3 The aims and results of Nazi policies 210 . The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. Historians Ruth Ben-Ghiat and Mia Fuller argue that the Italian colonies provided "testing grounds for strategies of governance and repression". High inflation and unemployment. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. TEXT ON SCREEN: Political Instability. How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. The Chinese side respects the status of the member states as sovereign states after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mao said, adding that on the issue of territorial sovereignty, Beijings position was consistent and clear. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. 'Hitler and his party would never have come to power without the severe economic and political crisis that engulfed Germany from 1929 onwards' - Overy. Chinese trend for using photo of film star to get better service sweeps social media, More than 20,000 Russian soldiers killed in five months in Ukraine, US says, Chinese journalist arrested on charges of espionage, 'Democracy was hijacked. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? 1. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. New ideas introduced in politics. Both emerged as democratic post-colonial states. This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . Ultimately, however, the Fascists were unable to achieve the kind of totalitarian, authoritarian system they had envisioned. The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. 100. What are two of the ways Fascism took shape in the Po Valley? 99-100 - What was the Ochoa Affair and how did it affect Cuba? . Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Using these definitions, evaluate which of these terms can appropriately be applied to this government. Citizens surging discontent toward many authoritarian countries may not necessarily translate into immediate political instability or change. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership.

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